Oiran versus Geisha
My grandmother — who grew up as an aristocrat in Kyushu — used to love to watch jidaigeki or period dramas with me. Her favorite characters were the oiran, and she liked to pretend to mimic their walk. She always said to me, “See those tall shoes? See all the things in her head? She’s an oiran.”
Well, I realize now, of course, that oiran are high class courtesans or prostitutes. High class prostitutes, mind you, but prostitutes nonetheless in that their role was sexual. Of course, to be an oiran, a woman had to be intelligent and beautiful. But she wasn’t a practitioner of the arts trained from birth the way a geisha (or geiko, to be precise) was. However, a side-by-side comparison makes it kind of clear how difficult it is for the untrained eye to see the difference.
Nowadays there aren’t any true oiran, though you do see them depicted in historical dramas and in parades.
I wonder now if some of the confusion westerners and other non-Japanese have about geisha and their precise role doesn’t in fact come from confusing the former with oiran. The confusion would be made all the worse because geisha would play instruments to entertain the oiran and her customers.
Take a look at these photos and you be the judge (and for you purists, I know that this is a maiko. It’s my own photo and I just don’t have a good close-up of a geiko). It is interesting that of all the different levels of courtesans and prostitutes of pre-twentieth century Japan, only the geisha’s name is well known.
Even modern day sites like this have confused geisha and oiran, adding to the problem. Among the differences:
>Oiran tie their obi in the front, something a geiko and maiko would never do
>Oiranwear the tallest platform shoes imaginable
>Oiran don’t wear tabi; geiko would never be caught dead showing off their bare feet
In Memoires of a Geisha the main character performs on stage with huge platform tabi. Does that imply she is a prostotite or that she was depicting one on the stage?
January 25th, 2006 at 2:21 amI had read somewhere that some of the western confusion on what a geisha is and isn’t comes from the occupation after WWII. Somehow the GIs had heard of geishas (not sure why not oiran) so ordinary prostitues would call themselves geisha to attract customers.
January 25th, 2006 at 8:44 amLook, stop piddling around folks. It was all about sex, for all of them. Japan was not medieval Christiandom. It was a land of life and work and sex. get over it. They all did sex work. Please!
January 25th, 2006 at 12:14 pmFinally, someone who knows what they’re talking about!
And lest there be any confusion, I’m talking about Marie, and not Anonymous.
January 25th, 2006 at 4:33 pmWhat, so playing the shamisen and dancing for an oiran and her horny customer isn’t sex work? Next thing you’ll tell me playing the piano at a bordello is a respectable profession …
January 25th, 2006 at 5:34 pmOK:
Playing the piano at a bordello is a respectable profession.
I see little or no difference between that and playing piano at a cocktail lounge where people go to meet and mate.
January 25th, 2006 at 9:12 pmGreat post.
January 26th, 2006 at 12:16 amAw, thanks Ampontan!
Wake — I’ve read the same thing and suspect you have a point.
I also think that there are some men who want so much to see Asian women as highly sexualized that, naturally, all women are free game and look “sexy” no matter what they are doing. You know. The whole, “It’s not my fault your honor. She was being sexy” argument. Certainly there are some people out there who think that a trip to Asia would fulfill supressed sexual fantasies, as though the culture were no more than one big sexual opportunity.
I don’t think there are any high heel tabi. I assume you mean high heel geta or another kind of shoe. I haven’t seen the movie yet (sad, I know), so I can’t comment on the costume. But certainly from the stills I have seen, some of the dancing and costuming don’t look true to what a geiko actually wears. But, again, “Memoirs” is a movie and not a documentary. I wouldn’t necessarily use the movie as a reference for authenticity.
January 26th, 2006 at 3:05 amI think if anything a lot of Japanese are confused as to why many westerners think of geisha as prostitutes, as in even when they(westerners) do know their specific practices they still consider geisha to be prostitutes. In the US at least most people don’t place much value on a heirarchy of women to men services whether its a hostess or cracked out streetwalker. And not everyone trusts the idea that they don’t engage in certain activities for money in more discrete situations. I’m not trying to say geisha are prostitutes I’m just saying not everyone considers them prostitutes because they haven’t learned enough about them.
January 26th, 2006 at 5:37 amCertainly there are some people out there who think that a trip to Asia would fulfill supressed sexual fantasies, as though the culture were no more than one big sexual opportunity.
Thailand.
January 26th, 2006 at 7:02 amI agree with you, Es. I also think that this insistence that geiko-san were prostitutes says a heck of a lot more about the people who persist in this idea — despite loads of scholarship demonstrating the contrary — than it does about the tradition itself. If one really, really wants a geido to be a prostitute, then there’s not all that much anyone can say to change your mind.
January 26th, 2006 at 8:44 am“I’m not trying to say geisha are prostitutes I’m just saying not everyone considers them prostitutes because they haven’t learned enough about them. ”
I just realized my wording grammer was off on this last statement and could have sounded like I was saying the opposite of what I meant. Here is a better way of putting it;
I’m not trying to say geisha are prostitutes, I’m just saying not everyone that considers them prostitutes does so because they haven’t learned enough about them.
January 26th, 2006 at 10:57 amI’m still confused…
January 26th, 2006 at 11:26 amBut if a geisha sells her virginity for a price, isn’t that selling spring? Isn’t that being a woman who sells her body for sex? Please explain the difference.
I think the main problem is that Westerners see prostitution as “sinful” in the Judeo-Christian context, whereas Asians do not see it a sinful but as just another business transaction, nothing to write home about. Just part of the big picture of life. So there.
January 26th, 2006 at 11:44 amto say geisha are simply prostitutes is too over simplify a very complex situation and plus it’s just plain false advertising. You’re going to have a lot of disappointed and enraged customers thinking after the shamisan and koto they’re going to get their shabu-shabu on.
January 26th, 2006 at 12:59 pmI’m not a fan of relativism in general, and I think it’s a very dangerous way to consider different cultures.
To say that Asian women wouldn’t find the selling off of their sexuality offensive, is, I think, pretty offensive for Asian women whose sexuality and virginity has been sold off against their will. It’s the kind of thinking that leads people to think that it’s “okay” to sexualize Asian women more than women in other cultures. It is worth remembering that we are all human, and that what hurts one person will very likely hurt another.
See the debunking of Margaret Mead’s theories on sexuality for reference.
As for selling off the virginity of geisha; this is what made Golden’s book so controversial. Try to google the whole concept; the only “scholarship” that exists on the subject so far is Golden’s book. As for how “real” the whole thing is, very few people seem to know. It certainly isn’t a custom that exists today.
January 26th, 2006 at 4:29 pmTo say that Asian women wouldn’t find the selling off of their sexuality offensive, is, I think, pretty offensive for Asian women whose sexuality and virginity has been sold off against their will.
You’re (purposely?) conflating two issues here, selling sex and being forced to do the same. To say that there has historically been little stigma in selling sex in Japan is not at all the same thing as saying Japanese women wouldn’t mind being forced to become prostitutes – that’s as silly as claiming that a person who says manual labor isn’t shameful must be advocating slavery.
It’s the kind of thinking that leads people to think that it’s “okay” to sexualize Asian women more than women in other cultures.
Where is the culture whose women aren’t sexualized, and how exactly do you measure the relative degree of sexualization anyway? Aren’t “exotic” foreign women obsessed over by men everywhere? What exotic oriental beauties are to the West, blonde-haired and blue-eyed nordic wenches are to Asians – it’s human nature to project one’s desires onto people in faraway lands.
See the debunking of Margaret Mead’s theories on sexuality for reference.
This has got to be the non-sequitur of the decade.
As for how “real” the whole thing is, very few people seem to know. It certainly isn’t a custom that exists today.
That it doesn’t exist today doesn’t mean it never existed, and Golden’s almost certainly in a much better position to know what the truth was for the 1930s than you are.
Frankly, everything you’ve said on here screams “The lady doth protest too much”: you’ve so thoroughly absorbed modern-day Western attitudes towards the “morality” of trading sex that you’re determined to back-project it into a world in which said “morality” [sic] had next to no role to play, all in the name of protecting the image of an essentially dead culture which you happen to strongly identify with purely on the basis of your ancestry.
Like it or not, you aren’t the only one who’se done some reading on the history of the floating world, and the plain truth is that geisha did indeed essentially become prostitutes in several periods during the existence of the Yoshiwara district, not least of all during its period of decline beginning in the later half of 19th century: as such the stereotypes of geisha as prostitutes is rooted in historical realities, not just fetishization of innocent and asexual Asian women by lust-crazed Western brutes. To pretend that the demarcation between them and the ladies of pleasure was hard and fast from beginning to end is nothing more than ego-pleasing historical revisionism on your part.
January 26th, 2006 at 9:46 pmI’m saying that classifying geisha as prostitutes simplifies their role. I think it’s unfortunate that when the subject of geisha come up in conversation, many people immediately leap to the “prostitute” aspect of the debate, rather than taking other facets of the role into consideration. As David said above:
to say geisha are simply prostitutes is too over simplify a very complex situation and plus it’s just plain false advertising. You’re going to have a lot of disappointed and enraged customers thinking after the shamisan and koto they’re going to get their shabu-shabu on.
This is what I mean.
Frankly, everything you’ve said on here screams “The lady doth protest too much”: you’ve so thoroughly absorbed modern-day Western attitudes towards the “morality” of trading sex that you’re determined to back-project it into a world in which said “morality” [sic] had next to no role to play, all in the name of protecting the image of an essentially dead culture which you happen to strongly identify with purely on the basis of your ancestry.
That is quite a projection on your part. See some of my other posts and comments — I don’t think you’ll find standard Western attitudes through all of them, and that I don’t tow the standard PC line. If you want to know my thoughts on the modern day sex trade, then ask and submit a question through Japundit.
As for “morality” on the subject of the sex trade which I admit I only very lightly touched on above (it was late, I was posting in a hurry), I don’t think either you or I know what women’s attitudes towards the sex trade in the 1930s or even the 19th century would have been. The fact that it existed doesn’t mean that the women who participated in it weren’t negatively affected.
I agree that it’s very convenient, on the one hand, to say “the women thought it was horrible” because a modern and ethical mind might find the concept repulsive — probably more so for women than men. With the distance of history, it’s also easy to say “things were different back then” and “it was no big deal.” It would require a true historian to unearth attitudes of the time.
As for Golden knowing “the truth,” I don’t doubt he read much more material than I did. However — and I may be wrong — but I believe he cites Mineko Iwasaki as his “source” for the auctioning off of virginity. She disagrees with his version of events. The Liza Dalby book doesn’t mention the selling off of virginity. So, I don’t know where else he got his information. If you have a definite source, I’d certainly be interested in hearing about it and would certainly be open to reading it. Until then, I’m sticking to everything else I have read, and everything else anyone has ever told me.
January 27th, 2006 at 1:26 amI do find it offensive that people would refer to geisha simply as “prostitutes”, but the fact of the matter is that there WERE geisha who were essentially prostitutes in other areas of Japan apart from where the geisha lifestyle was booming. Kyoto being the ‘hot spot’ for the top geisha, they were essentially artists & companions & nothing else, but there were still other areas where the geisha made most of their money from actually sleeping with clients. They might have hijacked the geisha profession from what it was meant to be by adding the sex in with the arts, but that does not change the fact that in other areas, like the hot springs geisha, they were known as prostitutes, and this is a large part of where the idea that all geisha are prostitutes stem from.
If you are looking for a “scholarship” that talks about this, the book “Autobiography of a Geisha” by Sayo Masudo (which is obviously an autobiography, but it was written by a hot springs geisha)
January 27th, 2006 at 4:12 amThat’s a great post, Sandy.
After I wrote my last comment, I thought about an incident that happened a number of years ago. I think I was about 14 and had just seen my first geiko. After that, my mother and other family members and I all went to a hot spring town. I talked about the geiko I had just seen, and someone made a comment that we could “see” geisha (note the difference) in the hot spring town where we were staying.
Someone else immediately interjected that the geisha in the hot spring town were not at all the same thing as a geiko. The implication was clear; the geishas outside of Kyoto didn’t do “true” geiko work.
People in Kyoto become very upset if you use the term geisha over geiko, and the above story might well illustrate the difference, and may also shed some light on the confusion.
January 27th, 2006 at 6:23 am[...] Hello Kitty robots Adult diaper boom in China Polygamist lives with 10 wives in Tokyo Geisha – Entertainers or prostitutes? Japundit Contributors: Danny Bloom in Taiwan, David Webe [...]
January 28th, 2006 at 2:07 amWhat is not known by either the reporter or this online publication is that there an additional arm of the post feminist revolution which is just coming about. Females all over the world are now worring about the loss of sensuality in males, and this is indeed grwoing within males – due to false accusations by female surrounding male agression. As a result, many women are not alarmed about prostitution occuring. It is already known that a growing pool of women are knowledgable about the new male weaknesses – loss of sensuality -in attracting women, and are taking an economic advantage of it – though it is now being called prostitution as of yet. Thus the point made about Geishas are not in sink with emerging realities. Moreover, and large due to the additional factor that only males who have a sensual qualities who are able to assist, or directly able in the rearing of healthy emotional children of both genders. What has happened with this growing additional consciousness of younger post-feminist women is that sharing and polygammy is more attractive once a male sensual specimen is found by two concern women who want children, and who do not want a contractual progenator to supply sperm ( who in most cases would be a homosexual, or in the genre term turker basters ). Thus I have already made a report on this and place it on line via The Sensual Revolution .
Lastly, I found your site and have linked it to my Tokyo Night Life ( NightLife ), RMC
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Please advise through email if you wish to add any information on my Sensual Website.
January 28th, 2006 at 8:49 amhttp://www.smh.com.au/news/oscars-2006/aussie-nominated-for-geisha/2006/02/01/1138590552135.html
Nice wife too!
February 2nd, 2006 at 1:51 pmkewlz:cool:
April 4th, 2006 at 10:01 amProstitution in Japan ended in the 50’s since then geiko are STILL in existence and with the help of the internet have started to come back to life.
Golden is NOT the formative source of info on geiko as “Memories of a Geisha” is a FICTIONAL piece. Mineko Iwasaki, one of the most prolific geiko’s still alive, condemns his book as crap. If you want to read a book about what a REAL geiko’s life was like, read, “Geisha: A Life”, an autobiography of Mineko Iwasaki.
To further rag on “Memories”, they use chinese actresses and the costumes are COMPLETELY incorrect. So do NOT base your knowledge of geiko, maiko, oiran, etc on the film.
September 11th, 2006 at 10:26 amI absolutely agree.
February 22nd, 2009 at 2:10 amthough I liked the movie, I’ve also read that selling their virginity (like she did in the movie) wasn’t practised by the real geisha.
Thank you Americangeiko =)
Though I have not seen Memoirs in quite some time I know for a fact that it is not in any way a true representation of geisha culture. The movie more so than the book turns things upside down in an attempt to appeal to Western audiences, to give them what they wanted to see. It makes little attempt at being historically and culturally accurate. At the time of the book’s (and movie’s) setting, there were probably practices in the hanamachi (geiko districts) that had to do with prostitution. This was in place in the Shimabara district, which housed the yuujo and the oiran. The mizuage is actually the total earnings of a geisha and also refers to her coming of age ceremony (Mineko Iwasaki, “Geisha: A Life,” page 187). It might at one time have included a ritual ‘deflowering’ but now there is no such thing. Prostitution was outlawed in Japan – and even more convincing, men are not allowed inside of a geisha house! Only male relatives of the inhabitants of the okiya were allowed as far as the dining room, and only priests and children further than that! (Mineko Iwasaki, “Geisha: A Life,” page 78). That said, I think it’s safe to say that at this point in time geisha are not prostitutes. Maybe in the past such lines were blurred quite a bit more (either in name or in practice) but at the present moment they are not. What they do with their personal lives is up to them – it has nothing to do with prostitution.
Just a few more indicators when differentiating between oiran and geiko and maiko
Oiran wear far more ornamentation in their hair than either a maiko or a geiko. An oiran might have many, many kanzashi (hair pins) through her hair while a geiko or maiko might have, at most, three. They both may wear flowered hair ornaments called tsumami kanzashi.
Oiran have much bigger hair than geiko or maiko. Much, much bigger.
Just my two cents ^^;
April 4th, 2009 at 2:03 pmIt seems quite a jump to assume that just because Japanese culture developed outside of Judeo-Christian norms that the Japanese have always been perfectly at ease with prostitution. It’s like reasoning that America has schools, India isn’t America, therefore India has no schools.
July 6th, 2009 at 6:45 amARE GEISHA PROSTITUTES?
There has long been a misunderstanding in western society that Geisha are prostitutes. There are two main reasons for these misconceptions:
After world war II when Japan was occupied by USA and Australian soldiers many Japanese prostitutes referred to themselves as Geisha. This was probably done to make them seem more exotic to the soldiers who would have not known the difference.
In the past right to take the virginity of a Geisha (an event called a mizuage) was sold by the Geisha house. This right was sold many years earlier when a Geisha had just started as Maiko (a trainee Geisha). In reality this was more the sponsorship for all the Maiko training which was very expensive. Only a very wealth man could afford to pay for this right. After the mizuage, the Geisha were not obliged to have sex with any customers, even the men who paid dearly for their virginity.
http://www.japaneselifestyle.com.au/culture/geisha_prostitutes.html
geisha are not prostitues.
July 25th, 2009 at 6:52 pm[...] And finally, the difference between an oiran and geisha is explained here. [...]
November 22nd, 2009 at 3:57 am